WRX
Subaru debuted the turbocharged WRX performance variant of the third generation series alongside the mainstream naturally aspirated models on April 2, 2007. For this generation, most markets adopted the abbreviated name "Subaru WRX", although the Japanese and North American markets retained the full "Subaru Impreza WRX" title. The 2.5-liter EJ255 engine is largely unchanged, with a power output of 169 kW (227 hp) and 320 N·m (236 lb·ft) from its 2.5-liter engine. It was offered in either a five-speed manual, or 4 speed automatic. The weight of the car also has been lightened and gives the WRX a 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) time of 5.8 seconds. In contrast, curb weight of the standard Impreza model is around 27.2 kg (60 lb) heavier. The STI is lighter than the WRX trim level. For the US market, the WRX was offered in "base", Premium, and Limited trim levels. In Australia, the WRX is available as a sedan or hatchback. An optional premium package adds the satellite navigation with DVD player and 7-inch screen, leather upholstery and a sunroof.
In response to criticism that the third generation WRX suspension is too soft, and needing to keep on par with rival car companies new releases, Subaru issued several changes in 2008 for the 2009 model year. The EJ255 engine received an output boost to 198 kW (265 hp) and 331 N·m (244 lb·ft) of torque by swapping the previous TD04 turbocharger to an IHI VF52. This lended to the car now achieving a 0-60 time of just 4.7 seconds, as tested by Car and Driver.[7] In addition, the updated model received stiffer suspension parts from the STI and an aerodynamic package. Cosmetic changes included an updated mesh grill with WRX badge and darker wheels.
Further changes in 2010 for year model 2011 saw the WRX gain the wide-body shell from the STI, as well as the addition of quad muffler tips with diffuser. The new model gains 15 kilograms (33 lb). Firmer rear sub-frame bushings and wider 17-inch wheels contribute to improved traction.
[edit]WRX STI
Debuting at the Tokyo Auto Show in October 2007, WRX STI versions build further on the standard WRX cars. The STI available in Japan is fitted with the 2.0-liter EJ207 engine with twin scroll turbocharger generating 227 kW (308 PS). Export markets receive the higher-displacement 2.5-liter EJ257 unit with the single-scroll VF48 turbocharger rated at 221 kW (300 PS) and 407 N·m (300 lb·ft) of torque. The turbocharger directs air through a larger top-mount intercooler which has lost the red "STI" that was on previous generations. It is the first STI to feature automatic transmission.
Like the standard WRX, the third generation model was shortened to "Subaru WRX STI", with the Japanese and North American markets notably abstaining from this convention. To differentiate the STI from the regular WRX, Subaru opted to manufacture the STI with a wider body and therefore track—as noted by the flared wheel arches. Furthermore, Subaru utilized aluminum suspension components for the STI. Electronic modifications include a multi-mode electronic stability control with "normal", "traction", and "off" modes; Subaru Intelligent-Drive (SI-Drive) with three modes: "intelligent", "sport", and "sport sharp"; and multi-mode driver controlled center differential (DCCD). The DCCD enables driver to switch between manual and automated torque distribution ratio of the center differential. This distribution can vary from 35/65 to 50/50 front/rear.[8]
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The STI hatchback was released in the United States in March 2008. In 2010 for the 2011 model year, the WRX STI became available as a four-door. The most noticeable feature on the STI sedan is a large rear spoiler. Australia also received the 2011 model year STI as a sedan to complement the hatchback released in 2008. Australian STIs were offered in standard form, plus the STI spec.R. An electric sunroof, leather upholstery, satellite navigation, and BBS wheels are standard on the spec.R, while Recaro seats are optional.
A facelift of the STI arrived in 2010 for the 2011 model year, distinguished by a new front bumper. Tweaks to the suspension—stiffer springs, larger anti-roll bars, new pillow ball bushings on the front lower arms, as well as wider standard tires—had the affect of improved handling.[9]
Surfacing at the MotorSport Japan 2008 auto show, the Subaru Takumi concept previewed the "20th Anniversary Edition WRX STI". The only visual cues to differentiate the Takumi from the regular STI are a blacked-out rear spoiler, front lip spoiler, and 12-spoke wheels. The upgraded parts included on the car are drivetrain and suspension modifications. All 300 examples of the 20th Anniversary were exclusive to the Japanese market.[10]
The "WRX STI spec C" was released in Japan on July 23, 2009. The 900 units limited edition has engine, suspension, and body parts improvement over the regular model. The ball bearing on the turbine axle was modified to reduce friction, the ECU retuned for better response, and an intercooler water spray fitted. The cross member, suspension and power steering were also improved for better handling and body rigidity. An aluminum hood, laminar window glass, and a lighter battery helped to reduce weight.
Subaru launched the "WRX STI A-Line" with a five-speed semi-automatic on February 24, 2009. Initially available only in Japan and Singapore, the A-Line features include steering wheel-mounted paddles.[11] The A-Line is also offered in Hong Kong, and later in Thailand and Indonesia with debut at the Indonesia International Motor Show in July 2010, and was exported to Australia in 2011.[12]
The Nissan GT-R is a sports car produced by Nissan released in Japan on December 6, 2007, Canada and the United States on July 7, 2008, and the rest of the world in March 2009.[4][5][6]
Between 1969 and 1974, and again between 1989 and 2002, Nissan produced a high performance version of its Skyline range called the Nissan Skyline GT-R. This car proved to be iconic for Nissan[7][8] and achieved much fame and success on road and track. The Nissan GT-R, although no longer carrying the "Skyline" badge, has heritage in the Nissan Skyline GT-R. Like the Skyline GT-Rs R32 through R34, the Nissan GT-R is four-wheel drive with a twin-turbo 6 cylinder engine and has the signature 4 round tail lights; however, the evolutionary, incremental changes between Skyline models R32 through R34 have been done away with. The four-wheel-steering HICAS system has been removed, the formerstraight-6 RB26DETT engine has been replaced with a new V6 VR38DETT.[9] Because of the GT-R's heritage, the chassis code for the all-new version has been called CBA-R35,[10] or 'R35' for short (where CBA is the prefix for emission standard), carrying on the naming trend from previous Skyline GT-R generations. The GT-R has also retained its Skyline predecessor's nickname Godzilla,[11] given to it by the Australian motoring publication Wheels in its July 1989 edition.
Design
Nissan chief creative officer, Shirō Nakamura, has likened the new GT-R to the giant robots of the Gundam series.[15] Nakamura stated: "The GT-R is unique because it is not simply a copy of a European-designed supercar; it had to really reflect Japanese culture."
Nakamura noted that the GT-R's square lines and vents were influenced by Gundam robots. Nissan's American designers sculpted the rear three quarters of the vehicle, while their European designers sculpted the roofline.[15]
Polyphony Digital, creators of the Gran Turismo series of motor racing video games, were themselves involved in the development of the GT-R, having been contracted to design the GT-R's multifunction display.[16]
The Nissan GT-R's Body Construction has a Premium Midship (PM) platform with hybrid unibody assembled using high-precision, ultra-low-tolerance jigs similar to racecar construction Aluminum hood, trunk lid and outer door skins, die-cast aluminum front shock towers and inner door structures. All outer body panels stamped using multiple-strike coining process for exceptional rigidity and precision. The GT-R also has a Carbon-composite front crossmember/radiator support. Its paint is an advanced 6-stage paint process with double clear coat and chip-resistant paint in critical areas, some have Super Silver special metallic paint, with 8-stage process, including three clearcoats and hand-polishing to achieve a lustrous, liquid effect. The Premium Nissan GT-R has a body-color rear spoiler whereas the Black Edition has a dry carbon-fiber rear spoiler. Both the Premium and Black Edition GT-R are fitted with high intensity discharge (HID) headlights, automatic on/off headlights, LED daytime running lights, LED taillights and brake lights, dual heated body-color power outside mirrors, power folding outside mirrors, flush-mounted aluminum door, handles, four 5" exhaust outlets with polished tips and UV-reducing solar glass.[17]
[edit]Specifications
The Nissan GT-R is powered by the VR38DETT engine, a 3,799 cc (3.8 L; 231.8 cu in) DOHC V6 with plasma transferred wire arc sprayed bores.[18]Two parallel Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI) turbochargers provide forced induction.[19] Models manufactured between 2007 and 2010 produce a manufacturer-claimed engine output of 485 PS (357 kW; 478 hp) at 6400 rpm and 434 lb·ft (588 N·m) at 3200–5200 rpm.[20] The engine also meets California Air Resources Board Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) standards.[21] A curb weight of 1,730 kg (3,800 lb) or 1,736 kg (3,830 lb) with side curtain airbags is achieved using a jig welded steel chassis with aluminum used for the hood, trunk, and doors.[22] A rear mounted six-speed BorgWarner designed dual clutch semi-automatic transmission built by Aichi Machine Industry[23] is used in conjunction with the ATTESA E-TS system to provide power to all four wheels and along with Nissan's Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC-R) to aid in stability. Three shift modes[24] can also be selected for various conditions.[25] Beginning in 2010, engine power and torque were upgraded to 390 kW (530 PS; 520 hp) at 6400 rpm and 612 N·m (451 lbf·ft) at 3200–6000 rpm respectively. Models produced in 2012 again featured improved engine output (404 kW (549 PS; 542 hp) at at 6400 rpm and 628 N·m (463 lbf·ft) at 3200–5800 rpm). In the near future, it is speculated that the GT-R might even be available as a hybrid.[26]
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